UK Protection of Interest of the Rights Holders

UK Protection of Interest of the Rights Holders Presentation In the seventeenth century, the monetary speculations of distributers and print machine where undermined by unlicensed copyist who were associated with unapproved printings and multiplication of copyrighted material.[1] around then, the precedent-based law cures were in successful making the distributers to work futile. The presentation of the 1709 Statute of Anne put a milestone in the assurance of copyright in artistic works as legal imposing business models and guidelines, giving the writers restrictive rights and used to control the circulation of books by publishers.[2] The demonstration gave a copyright which kept going to 14 years and if the writer were as yet alive during the time of its expiry, the correct will be come back to him for an additional 14 years, giving an aggregate of a 28-year period.[3] The law on copyright began to create and included things like figures, etchings and some others. The law of licensed innovation (IP) has been firmly connected with monetary turn of events and advancement. The instance of Donaldson v Beckett built up that copyright is considered to have a double purpose.[4] The primary reason for existing is to secure the enthusiasm of the correct holders so they are urged to distribute their works and make gains from it. The subsequent reason for existing is to support inventiveness and advancement and the sharing of information with the goal that general society can approach copyrighted work for learning purposes. As copyright built up a key issue emerged which is requirement for officials to find some kind of harmony between the security of the enthusiasm of the correct holders and the advancement of development and innovativeness of the general population on the loose. Assembly has endeavored to accomplish a decent equalization as the size of the rule has expanded throughout the years. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA), is th e current demonstration which endeavors to make the parity. These gatherings of clashing interest contend that its advantage ought to be organized by the legitimate structure yet governing body ought not organize any enthusiasm to accomplish a reasonable system.[5] This paper will talk about the current circumstance on how the UK accomplishes a compelling harmony between the assurance of enthusiasm of the rights holders and the empowering of development and imagination, by utilizing the extent of copyright to discover how it is important for monetary development. It will see issue concerning the span of copyright in UK. At long last, this paper investigates resistance of reasonable dealings in the UK and looks at it to reasonable use in US. This article reasons that the law on copyright doesn't make a successful harmony between the intrigue or the correct holders and the support of advancement and inventiveness. Extent OF COPYRIGHT Lessig characterizes the extent of copyright as the scope of rights allowed by the law.[6] The law of copyright has extended and attempted to adjust on account of advancement in innovation. In present day times, the law on copyright doesn't just cover distributing, printing of an imaginative work it stretches out to subordinate works and all the means recently taken by taken by creators to ensure their works have been abrogated by the standard that impressive creators to acknowledge the assurance offered by the law.[7]ã‚â Copyright work covers a wide scope of materials and yield and doesn't require any type of enrollment like licenses or plans. To represent the degree to which copyright goes, on account of Elanco v Mandops, the court built up that the mark with guidelines on a barrel of herbicide is a scholarly work that is liable to copyright.[8]ã‚â The law attempts to make a parity by making arrangements for satisfactory security and sufficient access. The possibility of this parity started from the 1709 Statute of Anne where it was built up that the reason for the demonstration was for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies.[9] It was additionally settled in the 1774 instance of Donaldson v Beckett, where it considered the to be of copyright as unmistakable from conventional types of property for the most part due to its basic social function.[10] Copyright work should be open and this can be clarified in the accompanying manners as the advancement of human culture depends on inference of crafted by others. In the first place, the open needs to approach copyright work with the goal that they can get to the thoughts of the works. The utilization of the thought is liberated from copyright encroachment if the client won't duplicate the outflow of the thought for the creator. Second, general society includes two gatherings of individuals, which are the clients who utilize the wo rk as a wellspring of learning and the potential creators who get thoughts from them. In the event that crafted by the creator are not accessible, he will get financial prizes without adding to the general public and obstructing monetary development.[11] The assurance of copyrights of the correct holder depends on the fundamental thought of for what reason should somebody receive rewards from crafted by another. Copyright has been firmly connected with the financial standard of restraining infrastructure, it is frequently scrutinized to be destructive to the open enthusiasm for a free and open rivalry. They guarantee that it will enable monopolist to expand the costs and they will make it hard for these rights to be gotten to. Followers of this guideline of imposing business model have recommended that the restraining infrastructure exists in a transitory structure to makers and trend-setters, and it boosts for innovativeness through the proposal of time constrained on inventive venture and financial rewards.[12] In a framework with poor IP rules where purchasers can utilize merchandise without paying for them, nobody will need to put resources into advancement as it will put them at a serious inconvenience and the yield of helpful w orks will begin to reduce negatively affecting the information base of the general public. THE DURATION OF COPYRIGHT In considering the degree to which the UKs law accomplishes an equalization in copyright law, the term of the law is a significant factor to be thought of. It is significant on the grounds that it decides when the work will be available to the open space, if the term of copyright is too short it will negatively affect the correct holders as they won't be inspired to make works when they can't harvest the benefits.[13] The span of copyright has been disputable and there have been banters on the subject of to what extent copyright ought to last.[14] In the CDPA 1988, the length of copyright is the existence time of the creator with an extra 70 years for scholarly works. The length was at first lower by 20 years which was contended to be more than sufficient. The topic of why the copyright law has given such broadened time period was replied in 1991 by The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and it was likewise recommended regarding a potential Protocol to the Berne Convention. The support for length of copyright here was expressed in the Preamble to the draft Directive saying: The Commission focuses on the need to orchestrate copyright and neighboring rights at an elevated level of insurance since these rights are essential to scholarly creation and their security guarantees the upkeep and advancement of inventiveness in light of a legitimate concern for creators, social ventures, purchasers and society as a whole.[15] The assurance accommodated creators is of positive worth yet by furnishing them with interminable restraining infrastructure rights is impeding to the security of the benefit of the public.[16] It can be contended that there was at one time an equalization in 1790, where the Congress passed the main copyright law that was accessible for a long time and sustainable for an additional 14 years for works they needed. The institution of the new law has made the open space be dissolved as opposed to enriched.[17] The expansion in the span has caused a decrease in the innovativeness and causes issues that are unsafe to its own motivation and government assistance. From the financial point of view, expanded times of copyright will achieve an expansion expenses to the customers by the extra installment and the expense of collection.[18] It can likewise be contended this all-inclusive periods for copyright are not important to secure the business misuse of fills in as they are quickly abused, they might be offered to pick up some portion of increase from part of the royalties.[19] The length of copyright terms has denied people in general of inventive motivation and puts the general population at a misfortune, which is something contrary to an inspiration for additional creation. With the circumstance in the UK it has become evident that the enduring copyright is can't work for the general population, which is its primary goal. Reasonable DEALINGS Since the presentation of Copyrights Act in 1911, there have been diverse legal safeguards that have been existing corresponding to copyright encroachment, and reasonable managing is the most significant of all. Reasonable managing in the UK is like the Fair use in USA. Reasonable dealings have been perceived by case law preceding the 1911 Act, which attempts to find some kind of harmony between the enthusiasm of the correct holder and enthusiasm of the client for consolation of development and innovativeness. This was upheld in the Governments Green Paper which expressed that: These special cases are of clear significance in that they try to build up an appropriate harmony between the genuine interests of copyright proprietors and the real wants of clients of copyright material. [20] It covers three principle zones which incorporate private investigation and exploration, survey and analysis and news revealing. Reasonable dealings for examination and private investigation can be found in s29 of the Act. On the off chance that the applicable conditions are met there will be no encroachment of copyright with the end goal of examination. The standard reasonable managing likewise applies to sensational, scholarly, melodic or imaginative works for research purposes yet there must be no business profit by it. A case of this is the situation of Green Amps, where the High Court concluded that there was a penetrate of the non-business limitation

Analysis Of Carol Dweck s Mindset I Learned About Fixed Mindset And Growth Mindset Essay Example For Students

Examination Of Carol Dweck s Mindset I Learned About Fixed Mindset And Growth Mindset Essay For an incredible duration I have consistently drifted through everything that I have ever done. At the point when it came to class you could depict me as a normal understudy when contrasted with my companions, I generally did the absolute minimum that I expected to pass, when it came to outside of school it was something very similar at whatever point my mother or father instructed me to accomplish something I generally to invest at all measure of energy to achieve it and held up to the last moment to begin doing it. At the point when I read Carol Dweck’s Mindset I found out about fixed attitude and development outlook, Dweck clarified fixed outlook is the point at which an individual sets himself up for disappointment intellectually, they generally figure they wont add up to anything so they simply quit attempting; while development mentality is the specific inverse of a fixed outlook, they attempt to learn as much as could reasonably be expected, they never falter before an ything and consistently accept they can achieve anything (57). In the wake of perusing the book I was to ready to immediately perceive that I was a person with a fixed attitude all through my essential instruction and life like how Dweck depicted (57). Glancing back at the initial three years of primary school I performed over a portion of my colleagues, I could have even had a development attitude during that time as I had quite recently moved to the United States from Mexico three years earlier. I still didn’t comprehend the language, so I needed to become familiar with the most I could. I would consistently lift my hand to pose inquiries about something I didn t know and I didn t care about people's opinion of me, I was there to learn and better myself. Each time I returned home the main thing I could possibly do was to go to my room and finish my schoolwork, however it wasn’t until I was in fourth grade that my development attitude progressed into a fixed mindset.My fixed mentality began b. . instruction so you folks can find a lucrative line of work with the goal that you wear t need to work like this for the remainder of your lives. When I returned home I enlisted into Lone Star North Harris to proceed with my instruction. I currently study to learn and better myself rather than simply acing the test (Dweck 61). I currently realize that my perspective like this was a direct result of my fixed outlook, the issue before me wasn’t my companions or my kin it was my doltish perspective and the manner in which I put myself down. On the off chance that I had a development outlook during those occasions I presumably would have concentrated until I could get everything and would be wise to grades. I would have really delighted in center school as opposed to worrying about futile thing that I truly shouldn’t have thought about. I shouldn t have minded people's opinion of me rather I ought to have quite recently attempted to better myself to as well as could be expected.

Water David Foster Wallace Essay Sample

Water David Foster Wallace Essay Sample This Is Water David Foster Wallace Summary and Analysis ‘This is water’ by David Foster Wallace is an essay derived from his Kenyon College Commencement Speech for graduating class of 2005 that is often considered to be one of the most powerful commencement speeches of all time. He gave a public talk on his views on life and addressed the graduates in a funny, truthful, friendly, and warm manner and spoke about important things such as the difficulty of empathy, the essential loneliness of an adult life, and the importance of being well-adjusted. David Foster Wallace shared his thoughts on how to live a compassionate life with people who were twice younger than him, but he really spoke on their level. Many people consider that David Foster Wallace’s ‘This is water’ is a practical guide on how to live a good life. In his unique and persuasive commencement speech ‘This is water’, David Foster Wallace, an American essayist, a philosophical novelist, and college professor, spoke about the barriers to empathy in adult life, and the true meaning of freedom. He addressed the Kenyon grads to describe the everyday difficulties of grown-up American life. He begged his young audience to fight hard to be conscious and vigilant in their adult life. David Foster Wallace also persuaded young people to stay alert and control what they think and how they construct meaning from their experience. More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now The main argument of Wallace’s commencement address is that the main goal of any education, and undergraduate education, in particular, is free will. He explains that the greatest benefit of education is the ability to be conscious and aware of choosing what to pay attention to and how to learn from experience. Free will of education means to have the perfect understanding that educated people understand how to think. The writer used logical and emotional appeals to argue on the importance of critical thinking. He argues that everyone has the choice to think critically and should make that choice to live a happy life. Wallace used negative words to describe the tediousness of everyday life and to stress that unconscious people live awful life. Besides, he refers to suicide and argues that unconscious thinking can lead to death. The larger part of his address is advice on how to be happy. David Foster Wallace argues that if you have reached the ultimate goal of education â€" that is you have learned how to think, then you will have exceptional freedom. Wallace believes that real freedom has nothing to do with personal pleasure but it involves attention to other people, and the ability to sacrifice for them. According to Wallace, freedom means choosing to be a good person every day. David Foster Wallace as a writer was exceptional in many ways â€" in the affection of his readers, in his achievements and ambitions. But what distinguished him from the others was his unfashionable style of Americanness. He presented himself as a sensitive man who disagrees with stupid commercial society. David Foster Wallace was a talented writer with his own style â€" his fiction was full of irony, he incorporated jargon and self-generated abbreviations and acronyms. He liked to use explanatory endnotes and footnotes which were often as large as the proper text. His writings were meant for overeducated American college graduates who were walking in slow steps towards adulthood, desperate for faith and lacking meaning. David Foster Wallace’s ‘This is water’ has become one of the most famous philosophical pieces of writing in the 21st century and Wallace himself is considered to be one of the most revered American writers.

Lehman Brothers Business And Bankrupts Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2045 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Banking Essay Study Essay Did you like this example? Henry Lehman started his business with the small general strore in Montgomer, Newyork in 1884.After 6years his business was joined by their brothers Emanuel and Mayer and they named the business as LEHMAN BROTHERS, founded in 1850.They became broker of trading the cotton as it was the major cash crop at that time in the Alabama. EXPANSION OF BUSINESS (1860-1869) There was a civil war in 1862,which disturped the Lehman business the firm teamed up with cotton merchant named John Durr to form Lehman Durr Co. After the end of civil war there was a rapid growth in infrastructure like road, rail tracks and etc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lehman Brothers Business And Bankrupts Example For Free" essay for you Create order in US economy. At that time Kuhn, Loeb were the major underwriting of the financing for railroad construction. Rail road bond represented a significant advance in development of capital markets, their affordable price attracted a great number of investor and Lehman brother recognizing a trend they also themselves in and they start dealing with securities . So it was the turning point of Lehman in the area of financial advisory. IN THE YEAR 1880-1889 Now they expanded their business from financial advisory to merchant banking they became the member of NYSE in 1887 . they went Japan Europe globally after acquiring the seat on NYSE. FINANCIER OF EMERGING RETAILERS 1900-1909 They lend the money to emerging retailers like Roebuck co. F.W.Woolworth co.and etc. and also it helps Lehman to cover market share. FOCUS ON CONSUMER INDUSTRIES (1920-1929) In 1920 Robert Lehman perceived dynamic changes occurring in the nation economy and focused the co. on consumer industries li ke retailing, airlines , communication. From the beginning they were the supporter of entertainment sectors. They started up venture with film studios RKO, Paramount, FOX, benefited from financing arranged by the firm. They were arranging loans between blue chip borrowers and private lenders. These loans also provide to safeguard solid returns for lender while enabling the borrowers to raise much needed capital. FUNDING CAPITAL (1930-39) Lehman brother underwrite IPO for DUMONT the first TV manufacturer helped fund the Radio Corporation of America known as RCA (RCA was an electronic co.) Start up financing IPO underwriting (1950-59) It was boom period for electronics business in the US economy and there were number of upcoming companies it gives the opportunity for Lehman brothers to arrange start up financing for co. like Litton industries. They also provided underwriting for industry Pioneer Digital Equipment. The firm later arranged the acquisition digital equipm ent by Compaq. Company like General foods, Campbell Soup Phillip Morris went to Lehman help for finance growth necessary to satisfy borrowing demand for third product.(General food Corporation was acquired by Phillip Morris co. now Atria Group Inc. Phillip Morris is one of the world largest tobacoo corporation. Works with the leading players (1960-1979) They were having their clients in overseas also to meet their financial need they opened up new office in Paris 1960, London (1972) Tokyo by 1973.they worked with IBM, Loral, DEC, . It acquired Abraham co. in 1975. Amex acquires Lehman Brother in 1980-1989 TITLE OF THE CASE STUDY : SHORTFALL OF LEHMAN BROTHER Lehman brother has gone to final stage bankruptcy in year 2008 of 15 September when there was recession in whole world. They were having $639 billion of assets and $ 619 billoin debt. Lehman was the fourth largest U.S investment bank. Lehman was the biggest victim of the US subprime mortgage. As they were bankrupt, it leads to financial crisis globally .Lehman collapse was a seminal event which contributed to fall of market capitalization close to $10 trillion in the global equity market the biggest monthly decline. CAUSES FOR THEIR FALL DOWN : In 2004 Lehman acquired five mortgage lenders including lender like BNC mortgage and Aurora Loan services which specialised in ALT A loans .They acquisition seems to be impressive as they earned revenues from Lehman real estate business. They earned record profit of $4.2 billion on revenue of $19.3 billion. NOTE: ALT A: It means that without proper documentation the lender provides loans to borrower. In the month of Aug 2007 their stock fell sharply due to credit crisis, which make them to close BNC unit also ALT A offices in three states. Lehman underwrote more mortgaged backed securities than any other firm of $85 billion, which was 4 times of shareholder equity .Due to this portfolio the global equity market reached new height whi ch lead to staged temporary rebound .They were not in position to trim this massive portfolio. There was high degree of leverage that is total assets to shareholder equity it huge portfolio of mortgage securities which create market in vulnerable condition, which causes them their stock fell as much 48%.It was 24:1 in 2003 to 31:1 by 2007.While generating profit during the boom, this condition meant just 3-4% decline in the the value of its assets would entirely eliminate its book value. On June 9, Lehman announces 2nd quarter loss $2 billion, its first loss since acquisition of American Express co. , Lehmans management made unsuccessful overtures to a number of potential partners. They were hoping that Korean development bank would take stake in Lehman but it was not so as they put the talks on hold on September 9.That was the big blow for them which lead 45%decrease in the stock and spike in credit default swaps on the company debt. The companys hedge fund client began pull ing out, on the other hand creditors cuts credit lines. Then they suffer a loss of $3.9 billion,and at that time Moodys investor give credit ratings of and they said that Lehman would have to sell the majority stake to a strategic partner in order to avoid a rating downgrade. The main culprits were lender who ultimately lent funds to people with poor credit and a high risk of default Due to increase in interest rates 6 times the economy began to lose speed the dot com bubble burst, numerically on March 10 2000.As you can see in the graph subprime mortgage origination grew from $173 billion in 2001 to a record level of $665 billion in 2005, which represented an increase of nearly 300%. There is a clear relationship between the liquidity following September 11, 2001,ÂÂ  and subprime loan originations; lenders were clearly willing and able to provide borrowers with the necessary funds to purchase a home. Investment bank worsen the situation The increased use of the secon dary mortgage market by lenders added to the number of subprime loans lenders could originate. Instead of holding the originated mortgages on their books, lenders were able to simply sell off the mortgages in the secondary market and collect the originating fees. This freed up more capital for even more lending, which increased liquidity even more. The snowball began to build momentum. A lot of the demand for these mortgages came from the creation of assets that pooled mortgages together into a security, such as CDO. In this process, investment banks would buy the mortgages from lenders as securitisise these mortgages into bonds, which were sold to investors through CDOs. The chart below demonstrates the incredible increase in global CDOs issues in 2006. FUTURE STRATEGIES OF LEHMAN BROTHER The outlook for Lehman Brothers future seemed dim Sunday after Barclays PLC withdrew its bid to buy the beleaguered investment bank and government officials and Wall Street bankers rem ained at an impasse about a rescue plan. The withdrawal of Barclays, which along with Bank of America Corp. was considered a front-runner to buy Lehman, demonstrated how complicated negotiations over Lehmans fate had become. And, Sunday afternoon, The Wall Street Journal reported that Bank of America and Merrill Lynch Co. were involved in merger talks which would knock Bank of America out of contention as well. The Lehman talks were aimed at selling the investment bank in whole or in part. The sticking point was the potential buyers insistence that the Bush administration offer the kind of help it did in brokering the buyout of Bear Stearns Cos. last March, when the government agreed to a $29 billion loan to buyer JPMorgan Chase Co. from the Federal Reserve. But Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson said the government will not help close a Lehman deal. Lehman declined to comment on the talks. If no deal were reached, it raised the specter of a bankruptcy and liquidation o f the 158-year old investment bank. Bankers and investment banking officials briefed on the talks described them as being both complicated and fluid, and that there was still hope that an agreement can be brokered or that new bidders might emerge. They spoke on condition of anonymity because talks were ongoing. There were signs that Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. might be edging closer to a bankruptcy filing, with several reports that it has hired Weil, Gotshal Manges, the law firm that handled the collapse of investment firm Drexel Burnham Lambert in 1990. Moreover, there was also an emergency trading session being held at the International Swaps and Derviatives Association to reduce risk associated with a potential Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. bankruptcy. The ISDA, which arranges trades for derivatives, said it was allowing customers to make trades and unwind positions linked to Lehman but that those trades would be voided if no filing occurs before midnight. Barclays, Britains third-largest bank, backed out of talks on Sunday after emerging during the morning as a front-runner to take over Lehmans assets, according to a person inside the U.K. bank who spoke on condition of anonymity, in keeping with company policy. The person, who had knowledge of the talks, said the decision was very unlikely to change. He said Lehman was attractive but did not meet what he described as Barclays stringent requirements. The Journal said on its Web site that after Bank of America was unable to reach a deal for Lehamn, it turned instead to a possible combination with Merrill, considered a better fit for the bank. Several private-equity firms were also believed to be interested in Lehmans assets. Bankers and officials with direct knowledge of the discussions described the talks as complicated Sunday morning. Top officials from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department and executives from several Wall Street banks were huddled at the New York Feds downtow n Manhattan headquarters for a third day seeking a solution to Lehmans financial crisis. Failure could prompt skittish investors to unload shares of financial companies, a contagion that might affect stock markets around the world when they reopen Monday. Asian markets will begin trading Sunday night Eastern time. Achievement : In the fifth consecutive year, Lehman brothers ranked 1 in the all American research team survey in 2007. They got rank 4* in the 2006 All Europe Research Team survey ranking. They ranked 1* in the 2006 All America Sales survey. In 2006 Annual Awards, Lehman Brothers got five deal-related awards. In 2005 Annual Awards, the firm was named U.S. Equity House of the Year and U.S. Structured Equity House of the Year, and was also recognized in association with various deal-related awards. Lehman Brothers got several top-three rankings in the 2007 Global Custodian Prime Brokerage survey. In 1999, Lehman had 19 top-ranked analysts; in 2001 that shot up to 42 star analysts, an increase of 121%. The firm now places fifth in number of ranked analysts. SOME DETAIL ANALYSIS ARE GIVEN BELOW IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT Lehman Brothers gave mortgage loans to provide a monetary support to loan applicants. It generally provided loans to following sectors:- 1.Industrial Sectors 2.Retail Sectors 3.Corporate Sectors 4.Others- Private Loans, Small Business. The maximum percentage of loans were provided for industry. In the year 2006 Lehman Brothers earned a huge profit as they started to issue ipo. They earned lots of profit in Real Estate which gives height to the global equity market and loss was due they were not able to trim the massive portfolio of ipo.and also they had high degree of leverage it was 23:1 i.e. assets to shareholder due to global financial crisis on 7 th August 2007 which hit back the stock of Lehmans brother due to ALT A loan provided to borrower due to excessive interest rates put by federal reserve bank 6 times than the usual. OPERATION INCOME AND OPERATING EXPENSE Market Up and Down (2003-2007) MARKET CAPTURE (1998-2006) Lehman Brothers held a good market share in competition to its near competitors, It captured 29% of market in investments and finance. Its nearest competitor was Bear Stearns. THANK Y OU .

Similarities and Differences Between the Conflicts in...

During the 1900’s two deadly wars were raging on, the civil war in Sierra Leone and the genocide in Rwanda. The civil war in Sierra Leone began in March 1991, while the genocide began in 1994. Combined these two wars killed upward of 1,050,000 people, and affected the lives of all the people that lived there. The conflicts in Sierra Leone and Rwanda occurred for different major reasons, but many little aspects were similar. Politics and Ethnicity were the two main conflicts, but despite the different moments rebellions and the murder of innocent people occurred in both places. Politics was the factor that caused the Sierra Leone Civil War, while ethnicity and years of oppression fueled the genocide in Rwanda. These two causes are†¦show more content†¦The young boys were already without families due to the war, and their fellow soldiers would become their new family. The leaders of the armies would convince the children that the enemy was who had killed their family, which may have influenced their decisions not to flee. Along with the recruitment of the child soldiers these wars caused the deaths of many innocent people. In Rwanda despite the â€Å"hatred† between the two groups many people were not apart of any army. Despite that fact many were still killed and children were killed too, not child soldiers, young babies and children because of who their parents were. This was the same in Sierra Leone, villages were burned and families were killed even though they had no part in the political destruction in the country. They armies would go around burning the villages and towns down, forcing people to run for their lives, and killing others. Many villages and places in these countries were burned, ransacked, and destroyed due to the conflict. The wars heavily altered both these countries political systems, economy, and development. Both these conflicts were detrimental to Sierra Leone and Rwanda, in similar ways. The murder of innocent children affects the future generations of the country. Along with the poor conditions that the young children will grow up in, they will also have to rebuild the economic and political structure. The primary origins, although they were different, caused the same lastingShow MoreRelatedAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagesall communities and groups, the training of each new generation centers on divisive issues of in-group/out-group differentiations, intergroup conflict and ongoing preparation for defense and war against real and perceived enemies. 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Kingfisher Free Essays

string(106) " who drink moderately have a lower risk of premature death as compared to people who do not drink at all\." Visa Malay inducted professional management and implement different methods and theories to develop the company to globalize the company. Since then Kingfisher has gone on to become the undisputed ‘king’ in the Indian beer market. Kingfisher today has impressive spread of manufacturing facilities throughout the whole country. We will write a custom essay sample on Kingfisher or any similar topic only for you Order Now Quality and hygiene are the key elements for its marketing philosophy success. Its flagship brand ‘Kingfisher’, has achieved international recognition consistently, and has won many awards in International Beer Festivals. Kingfisher Premium Lager beer is currently available in 52 countries and leads the way amongst Indian beers in the International market. It has been ranked amongst the top 10 fastest growing brands in the I-J. Today each one of the 32,000 Beer outlets in India sells one brand or the other from United Breweries. United Breweries limited has a 48% share in the Indian beer market. S. W. O. T (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis A SOOT analysis is a structured approach to evaluating the strategic position of a business by identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It provides a simple method of synthesizing the results of the marketing audit. Strength Kingfisher is a true global Indian icon and is also known today as a premium worldwide brand. It has the strongest worldwide distribution system and is available in 52 countries worldwide. It is a worldwide known brand with sponsorship in Formulae, Indian Premier League and title sponsors of England and Wales Cricket Board’s National Championship knock out competition due to this it has excellent brand visibility. It also has huge financial backing from PUB Group. Weakness Kingfisher usually focuses on strong beer market as it is mostly favored in India but not in other countries and thus market growth is slow. Due to the current high demand and worldwide distribution system many opportunities are lost as there is less availability. Opportunity Due to the current trend of beer among the young people Kingfisher has a lot of benefit by global market expansion. The changing culture and lifestyle of Indian people has also increased the beer consumption. Threats The alcohol industry is highly taxed and has certain regulations thus has a lot of impact on Kingfisher. Advertising for alcohol has been banned in India as it is considered to be a taboo. Negative perceptions about alcoholic beverages are widely common. Kingfisher faces huge competition from international companies like Heinlein, Scrabbles and Budweiser. P. E. S. T. L. E Analysts 2 PESTLE stands for political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental. PESTLE analysis is a process, to help understand the overall market environment for a particular industry, business, product, or project. It is often a key part of strategic marketing and business planning. PESTLE allows an organization to go in depth into heir current status and weaknesses. Political factors:- Minimum drinking age The minimum drinking age in India is 21 years whereas in European countries is 18 thus minimum drinking age affects the alcohol business in an important way. People below the permitted age cannot consume alcohol even if they want to. Kingfisher beer is adversely affected in terms of sales. Banned advertisements India is a youth country thus advertising of alcohol products has been a subject of continuous debate between the government, the alcohol industry, health groups, policy makers and the public. Advertising in alcohol industry is done for brand choice and also it is a fair tool but banning advertising reduces market entry of new firms and thus also reduces awareness among the consumers about the product. Economic factors:- Taxation and Policies India has a very large youth population and strong beer is mostly favored but still growth of beer has some restrictions and complications which are in the form of taxes and policies implemented by the state governments. Taxes and policies are different from state to state and some states do not allow alcoholic products brewed and manufactured from other states. The highest taxes are mostly levied by northern states such as Attar Pradesh, Punjab, Maharajah’s and Delhi. All of this has a great impact on the sales of United Breweries and other brands but there are also many obstacles such as the government has banned the advertisements of any sorts for alcoholic products. Economic growth and per capita income With more than 60% of Indians younger than age 25 consumption of alcohol is likely to increase in the coming years. Due to continuous growth rate and growing economy people are getting richer day by day and also are their preferences as more people re drinking beers and spirits which is a very good sign for the growing alcohol industry. With the growing middle class and modern retail formats, taxation policies adopted by the state governments will act in favor of the growing beer industry in the coming future which will help united breweries and other brands in achieving their desired goals. Socio-cultural factors:- Cultural restriction India is a country with many religions and some of the religions prohibit drinking alcohol. This has a huge impact on the sales of alcohol brands. Violence through alcohol There is strong association between violence and drinking. Violent behavior is occurred in all communities it is caused mainly due to over consumption of alcohol. Alcohol abuse and violence is caused mainly due to poor parental modeling and mental stress. Drunken driving cases are some of the main causes of highway accidents. But through proper social norms and public education, violence and alcohol abuse can be tackled. Individual factors also play a very important role. Population India is the second largest country in terms of population and PUB group has a unique rand name thus people tend to consume their products. PUB group has a 48% share in the beer market that’s why it is known as the king of beer market in India. Technological factors:- Scientific studies In a recent scientific research it has been confirmed that people who drink moderately have a lower risk of premature death as compared to people who do not drink at all. You read "Kingfisher" in category "Papers" Consumption of alcohol moderately leads to a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and obesity whereas people who drink in excess have a negative impact on their health. Distillery effluent treatment Compared to western countries where concentration of spent wash and its usage as an animal additive is a common practice, this process is not followed in India because Indian spent wash contains a higher level of inorganic substances which are found to produce a laxative effe ct if the consumption of feed is not monitored. Environmental factors:- Pollution A lot of water pollution is caused when the beer is made, the manufacturing of beer consists of three processes namely preparation of malt, beer worth and fermentation. These processes involve a lot of rinsing and cleaning as beer is made of barley and alt is prepared from it for brewing. The wastewater contains a lot of solids, detergents, soluble and insoluble organic materials. The wastewater is almost three times more concentrated than sewage but there are no toxic contaminants and most of the water is biodegradable. To meet the quality of discharge standards anaerobic biological treatment is done so that the organic concentration of wastewater is reduced. Legal environment:- Age factor In most European countries the age of drinking is 18 but in India where people are allowed to vote at this age are not permitted to drink. In India the alcohol consumption is allowed after 21 years but in some states it is 25. Despite the number of people who are below the ages of 25 years the beer industry has a huge potential if the current drinking age is lowered. Alcohol is considered a taboo in India as the culture and traditions are different than that of western countries. 5 Market Analysis:- The beer industry is still growing in India and it is estimated to be over 30 billion (in rupees). Overall annual consumption of beer is around 23000 million elites (fugues of 2011) the beer industry is growing at a yearly rate of 7% to 9%. The major players of beer industry are Gabrielle and United Breweries. The beer industry is likely to face more competition from foreign brands such as Scrabbles, Heinlein, Budweiser and Corona. Beer markets like USA and Europe have seen a flat growth whereas consumption in the Indian market has increased tremendously. In India beer sales have seen a rapid increase as compared to other alcoholic drinks. International beer companies like Budweiser, Scrabbles and Heinlein are well established in western countries but are still facing tough competition from Kingfisher which is the king in he beer industry of India with a 48% share. With more than 80% of market controlled by united breweries and Gabrielle, foreign brands are yet to find their feet on the ground. Kingfisher posted a profit before tax of RSI. 1475 million in the first quarter of this year ending on 30th June 2012. Strong beer continued to dominate with a growth of 23% in sales volume. Intensity of rivalry The intensity of rivalry competitors is quite moderate as in case there is quite a rise in regulatory and legal burdens, manufacturers get together so that competition between them is lowered as they have to ensure their profit. Threat of new competitors The Indian beer industry is currently growing thus it is attractive for new players but with the dominant force of United breweries and Gabrielle already established it has been very difficult for foreign brewers to expand and overthrow Kingfisher which is currently leading in beer consumption. Threat of substitute Brands like Kingfisher face further competition from substitutes like wine, vodka and whiskey, which are mostly favored in India as beer industry is still developing, it still has to get a bigger consumer base which spirits do have but due to the changing rend and growing Indian youth population beer industry best is yet to come. Suppliers bargaining power Barley which is the most important product for brewing is quite cheaper and available in plenty and other inputs used to brew are also cheaper as there is a huge number of suppliers thus suppliers have less bargaining power. 6 Customers bargaining power It has been seen that customers are more powerful when their purchases form a large portion of seller’s sales but if there are less number of players in the market people don’t look at the quality but the product and thus they have less control over rice. Classification of beer Lager Ale Stout Creamy Ale Malt Plainer Porter Age Kingfisher mild For young people Just for fun People who drink for the first time mainly for experience Kingfisher strong People who drink regularly Those who want beer to be stronger mostly favored by people 25 and above ‘THE KING OF GOOD TIMES’ As the punch line suggests Kingfisher has positioned its brand for people who want to socialize, party or have fun. 7 Customer Analysis:- The beer industry in India has a wide consumer base and people rink alcoholic beverages mostly for celebrating an event or socializing. Unlike western countries people in India are allowed to consume alcohol after the age of 21 in most states and spirits are given more preference. United breweries have a strong base in spirit and beer industries. Kingfisher is at the top of the list in consumption of beer. Consumer behavior India is a developing country with a large population of middle-class people thus people tend to consume beer occasionally. Whiskey, vodka and wine were given more preference but the beer industry is yet to reach its potential and is growing at a very cast rate. Products like Kingfisher and Harvard’s 5000 have shown excellent progress so far as they are already established in the beer industry. International brands like Budweiser, Heinlein and Scrabbles are still struggling to establish their brand among the people as they are expensive than Kingfisher and Harvard’s products, this is mainly due to taxes and regulations by the state governments which usually are hard on alcoholic companies. In a recent survey it was shown that one in three beers drunk in India were of Kingfisher’s. Consumers always prefer the cheapest product ND good value which Kingfisher effectively delivers. Recommendations:- Kingfisher is famous for its marketing and sponsorships in major sporting events and spends a lot of money on it per year. It should concentrate on innovation and development of new products which will help it increase its brand value in other western countries where there is even a larger market for its product and there are no restrictions on advertising. Retailing its beers with more number of large departmental stores. Advertising its brand ‘Kingfisher’ by entering into different industries like water, soda of which advertising is allowed. This will lead to more brand awareness. Developing innovative and new packaging for its beer. It should concentrate on innovation of a new product which has elements of a spirit and a beer. 8 Conclusion:- Kingfisher has a huge potential of expanding the beer market in India as the per capita income of the people is rising and so is the consumption. Kingfisher also has a kind of monopoly over other brands as it is already well established and sells its product at a cheaper rate than the new competitors entering the Indian beer industry. The negative perceptions about alcohol consumption have gone down and he beer industry will definitely show a lot of growth in the coming years. How to cite Kingfisher, Papers

Eugene Richards a freelance photographer Essay Example For Students

Eugene Richards a freelance photographer Essay A freelance photographer, writer and a teacher, Eugene Richards is a storyteller of the common people. Twice named U.S. magazine photographer of the year, he is often considered one of the worlds best documentary photographers for his hard hitting explorations of our society. Richards currently works with Time Life, national history and the New York Times and is the author of nine books including below the line, American we and the knife and gun club. All in which he uses a combination of photograph and elegantly written narrative to show an idiosyncratic portrait of the American people. Richards focus is that of the ignored; a people that otherwise have been forgotten. Its his compassion to his subjects and his commitment to them that surpasses the act of making a pretty picture. Spending days with his subjects in the slums of Harlem or the hardly developed mountains of West Virginia he immerses himself into the frequently bitter life of his next award-winning photo. Often including word for word text of testimonials recorded by junkies and destitute farmers, Richards is able to provide an unbiased portrayal. All he has done is to select and make us look at the faces of the ignored, opinions and reactions are left to be made by the viewer. Have you ever been at the beach safely shielded by a dark pair of sunglasses and just watched? Being a silent third party to a father screaming at his seven-year-old daughter for putting the inner tube in the wrong place. People watching has for a long time been one of my favorite activities as third party you are able to see people for what they are, unbiased by already having known the person. Eugene Richardss book has made me look at my hobby from an artistic vantagepoint. Hes made me start to think that one day I would like to be one behind a telephoto lens capturing those moments that people dont think anyone else saw. Richards photographs have made me relies that photography is more then a point a shoot process. Its about the image, its about the experience, its about the hunt, and its about looking and seeing. For the moment I my self am with out a defined higher purpose concerning my art. Im am still in the beginning stages of building a resource of knowledge and technical ability. So that one day I might be able to capture the true essence of heartache or pure joy through the lens of my own camera with the same honor and dignity as Eugene Richards.

Managing Human Resources free essay sample

This assissment is going to be about Human Resource Management and it’s going to contain information about different perspectives of human resources management and what the role involves. . HRM system is based on HR system , both work together to the same way. The example is HR strategies defining the direction in which HRM intends to go. We got few models of HRM , one I want to describe is Guest’s Model of HRM. David Guest’s model of HRM has 6 dimensions of analysis : HRM strategy HRM practices HRM outcomes Behaviour outcomes Performance outcomes Financial outcomes This model is prescriptive in the sense that it is based on the assumption that HRM is different from traditional personal management. How guest’s model is adopted in Harrods? In my opinion is adopted by having similar commitments for example the Guest model is prescriptive on the sense that it is bases on the assumption that HRM is distinctively different from traditional personnel management and rotted in strategic management. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Human Resources or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also the Guest’s model of HRM outcomes are fairly similar as Harrods engages employees to continues success of the business by committing to what they are doing and one of the outcomes that the Guest’s model states is commitment. David Guest’s analysis financial outcomes in his model of HRM and when looking at the financial outcome at Harrods, we can see that they are loosing money due to the employee turnover. When looking at the case study it shows that the research that has been done about the turnover indicates that the employee turnover has significant cost and performance effects to the business. For example the employee turnover at Harrods measures the rate at which employees leave their employer normally after one year. The claim of the Guest model that it is superior to others is partly justified in the sense that it clearly maps out the field of HRM and delineates the inputs and outcomes. But the dynamics of people management are so complex that no model (including the Guest model) can capture them comprehensively. P. 1. 2 The purpose of HRM is to ensure that the employees of an organization are used in such a way that the employer obtains the greatest possible benefit from their abilities and the employees obtain both material and psychological rewards from their work. Personnel management is the traditional approach to managing. It deals with the reactive side, which are rules, and regulations, wages, pension, and leave administration. It is administrative in nature. Human Resource Management are people oriented an treats employees as an asset. It is the modern approach to managing an organisation and people in the organisation. It is the proactive side of managing which puts people first. The term industrial relations has developed both a broad and a narrow meaning. Industrial relations is increasingly being called employment relations or employee relations because of the importance of non-industrial employment relationships. Industrial relations has three faces: science building, problem solving, and ethical. In the science building phase, industrial relations is part of the social sciences, and it seeks to understand the employment relationship and its institutions through high-quality, rigorous research. From this perspective, an industrial relation covers all aspects of the employment relationship, including human resource or personnel management and employee relations. The difference between personnel management and human resource management is that personnel management basically deals with the employees, for example they deal with payroll recruitment. Where the HRM deals with the management of the work force, training and the well-being of all employees. Also we can say that Human Resources is to incorporate and develop personnel management tasks, while at the same time seeking to create and develop teams of workers to the advantage of the organization. Personnel management comprises mainly of administrative tasks that are considered to be traditional and routine. The Human Resources management at Harrods helps to build a competitive edge by positively getting involving the employees. The HRM at Harrods use an appropriate leadership style and they use two-way communication, which is very effective as it allows information to be passed on correctly and quickly. Similar organization which adopted IR practice and Personal is NHS. The NHS UK practice managers work within the primary care sector, where they manage the overall running of general practices surgeries. Practice managers come from a variety of backgrounds and do not necessarily need to be a qualified healthcare professional. Industrial relations in the UK health care sector are characterised by high levels of social dialogue and joint regulation, particularly in the public part of the sector. P. 1. 3 At Harrods the role of the line manager is to encourage communication targets and advice to employees through face-to-face interactions. This might involve sitting down in the staff room, or in a more formal setting, to agree objectives and to give advice about improvements and new ways of working. Acting as a coach helps the line managers to develop their managerial skills, build relationships and reinforce trust at Harrods. Employees play the most vital role in HRM because they are the key advantage and we also must remember that high-performing and innovative employees are the foundation of productivity. Some major implications for HRM are, they can set direction and implement a company strategy, which builds commitment to what they do. Employees at Harrods help to develop performance metrics for on going improvements in the business. In order to increase the productivity at Harrods the line manager or HRM support their employees by communicating effectively and giving them regular feedback on their performance and by them doing that it decreases the errors and frustration caused to employees at work. Also an effective reward system for employees at Harrods motivates them towards better performance. Non-monetary factors like better status can motivate employees in addition.

Management 101 Essay Example

Management 101 Essay Example Management 101 Essay Management 101 Essay This subject is concerned with principles of managing business organisations. Management is important to organisations? business and survival.The dynamic nature of today? s organisations means that managers require certain knowledge, skills and competencies to manage organisations effectively. The aim of this subject is to provide students with an introduction and overview of management within organisations. The subject will examine management principles, concepts and theories of management, and give students an appreciation and understanding of various challenges facing managers in organisations in today? competitive global environment. OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this subject, students should be able to: ? ? ? ? understand and critically discuss the evolution of management thoughts; critically evaluate and apply management theories, models and concepts of management; be familiar with the structure, behaviour and environment of organizations, and be aware of the importance of mana gement towards attaining organisational goals in today? s competitive world.TOPICS Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 Topic 6 Topic 7 Introduction to Organisations and Management Evolution of Management Planning and Strategic Management Decision Making Organisation Structure and Design Managing Work Teams Managing Human Resource 2 Topic 8 Topic 9 Topic 10 Topic 11 Topic 12 Topic 13 Leadership, Motivation and Communication Organizational Control and Information Technology Management Managing Change Innovation Managing Conflict Organisational Environment and Culture International Management Managerial Ethics and Social ResponsibilityPRESCRIBED TEXT Daft R. L. , (2012) New Era of Management, International Edition, 10th edition SouthWestern Cengage Learning USA. RECOMMENDED REFERENCES Robbins, S. P. DeCenzo D. A. (2005) Fundamentals of Management, Essential Concepts and Applications, International edn, Fifth edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA. Jones G. R. George J. M. , (2007) Ess entials of Contemporary Management, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, USA. . 3 Subject Outline / Teaching Plan Department Lecturer Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 : Business Studies : Mr.Vincent Oh Topics Managing in Turbulent Times The Evolution of Management Thinking Planning and Goal Setting Strategy Formulation and Implementation Corporate Culture and the Environment Ethics and Social Responsibility Managing in Global Environment Quiz 1 (15/7 – 19/7) Human Resource Management MID-TERM TEST/ BREAK ( 29/7 2/8/2013) BREAK Leadership Motivation Individual Assignment (23/8/2013) Communication Quality and Performance Teamwork Quiz 2 (2/9 – 6/9) Group Presentation Decision Making Designing Adaptive Organizations Group Presentation FINAL EXAMINATION 16/9 – 28/9/2013 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapters 17 and 19 Subject Code : D2MGT100 Subject Title : Organizations and Management References Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapters 7 and 8 Chapter 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 4 Chapter 12 13 Chap ter 18 14 15 16 Chapters 9 and 10 Prescibed Text: Daft R. L. , (2012) New Era of Management, International Edition 10th edition South-Western Cengage Learning USA. 4 ASSESSMENTS There are 6 assessment items for this subject. Assessment Items 1. Mid Term Test (Closed Book) 2. Quiz 1 (Open Book) 3. Quiz 2 (Open Book) 4.Individual Assignment 5. Participation (Group Presentations) 6. Final exam (Closed Book) Value 20% 5% 5% 10% 10% 50% Due Date 29/7 2/8/2013 15/7 – 19/7/2013 2/9 – 6/9/2013 23/8/2013 Weeks 13 14. 16/9 – 28/9/2013 (TBC) REQUIREMENTS To gain a pass in this subject, students must: ? ? Achieve a passing grade in the final examination i. e. score a minimum of 25 marks out of 50, if there is an examination for this subject Attempt ALL areas of assessment; and achieve a total result of 50% or better overall. ** Please check on the notice board and My Acel for the actual date. HELP University reserves the right to make any changes to the above where appro priate. 5ASSESSMENT DETAILS D2MGT100: ORGANISATIONS AND MANAGEMENT SEMESTER 2 2013 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (10% of total assessment) CASE STUDY: WALMART PART TWO: THE ENVIRONMENT OF MANAGEMENT – Yao Ming, Jackie Chan, and Walmart: China Embraces Big Stars and Big Box Retailing. When you? re an American retailer with thousands of stores liberally throughout the best shopping areas of the United States, at some point the question arises: â€Å"what next? † Top brass at Walmart were asking this question in the late 1980s, when stores were booming in the Southeast and spreading to all 50 states. Their answer? â€Å"Go global. † Walmart? s first step toward international retailing occurred in 1991 with the opening of a Sam? s Club near Mexico City.Today Walmart International is the company? s fastest growing business unit, accounting for 25 percent of total revenues. After official launch in 1993, the overseas operation expanded into 15 countries including Brazil, Can ada, the United Kingdom, and Japan. But the greatest buzz has centered on China, an emerging market of 1. 3 billion people. Walmart? s adventure in the land of dragons and emperors began in 1996 when rollout teams built a supercenter in Shenzhen, a city just north of Hong Kong. Walmart? s China entry was made possible by economic reforms introduced in the late 1980s under Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. In a break from its isolationist past, China? communist-led government began making modest concessions to capitalism and Western businesses. The move sparked two decades of rapid economic growth, and Chinese consumers now buy everything from flat screen TVs and cars to designer apparel – they even purchase lattes at Starbucks and chicken at KFC. China? s modernization has become symbolized by pro-basketball star Yao Ming, Supergirl singing phenom Li Yuchun, Olympic world champion Liu Xiang, and Karate Kid martial-arts actor Jackie Chan – Sino celebrities who have achieved Western-style fame and lucrative sponsorships with American businesses. As Walmart? s spread throughout the People? Republic indicates, big box retailing is a hit with Chinese consumers. In 2004, Walmart operated 39 stores in China. In 2010, the number reached 290 total units, including 104 Trust Mart Hypermarkets, 178 supercentres, and 4 Sam? s Clubs. The early success has caused analysts to speculate that Walmart China will eventually have more stores than the domestic American market. Walmart China? s supercenters have much in common with their U. S. counterparts. The expansive stores are stocked with mountains of low-price merchandise, proving that Sam Walton? s â€Å"stack? em high, watch? em fly† philosophy has transcended cultural boundaries. But differences exist as well. First, 75 percent of Walmart? s nternational stores operate under different banner, reflecting the web of acquisitions and joint ventures Walmart uses to enter foreign markets. Next, the selection o f merchandise offered in China supercenters is oriented to the unique tastes of Walmart? s 7 million weekly Chinese shoppers. Grocery sections are stocked with live frogs, turtles, and fish – fresh apples of Chinese diets – and familiar American products are curiously altered, 6 as with Tide detergent, which is sold as a handwash laundry product due to the scarcity of washing machines in China. Douglas McMillion, Walmart International? s president and CEO, says that despite visible variations among stores, the company? s goal is the same in every area of the world. The primary objective is to save people money so they can live a little better,† said the head of Walmart? s fast-growing segment. â€Å"Our goal in every market where we operate is not only to deliver products at a great value, but also to ensure that all of the products we sell are made in an ethical and sustainable way. † But running a multinational operation in â€Å"an ethical and sustaina ble way† is easier said than done. In 2010, Google exited China over the country? s strict censorship policy and poor record on human rights. Years earlier, The Gap caused a firestorm of criticism by unintentionally sourcing products made by child laborers in India. Intent on learning from others? istakes, managers at Walmart have developed an Ethical Standards Program to audit suppliers and ensure the ethical procurement of goods. â€Å"In our „Standard for Suppliers,† says McMillion, â€Å"we outline our expectations that our suppliers must compensate all workers with wages and overtime premiums and benefits that meet or exceed local legal standards, local industry standards, or collective agreements, whichever are higher. † Rajan Kamalanathan, vice president of Ethical Standards, notes that the program is in place to do what is right for factory workers and the environment: â€Å"We not only bring sustainable and positive change to working conditions in factories, we also help build ladders to a better life in the countries where we? re sourcing. The new program is showing results: In 2006m the ethical standards team conducted 8,873 factory audits – more than any other company in the world – leading to a 23 percent decrease in high-risk standards violations. Policing the workplaces and ecological footprints of thousands of international vendors may be a herculean task, but executives at Walmart say it? s a necessary one. Chairman Lee Scott, in a discussion forum sponsored by Fortune magazine, laid out the case for international ethics and corporate social responsibility. â€Å"If China is allowed to produce the world? s goods without following reasonable protocol in protecting the environment and protecting people,† Scott reasoned, â€Å"ultimately governments will react and do something to balance that. So I think it? s in China? s best interest, and I think China understands that. Scott added that socially responsible business is simply good business – by reducing waste and energy usage throughout the supply chain, Walmart is lowering costs and paving a path to higher profits for all. â€Å"We? ve been able to go in and work with individual factories, where instead of costing them more money to do it the right way, the factory is actually able to save cost by doing it the right way. † QUESTIONS 1. Which market entry strategy is Walmart primarily using to enter foreign markets, and why has management chosen this approach? (15 marks) 2. What challenges do Walmart China managers encounter in the international business environment (10 marks) 3. Which of Walmart? s sustainability initiatives do you believe will have greatest positive impact on China? Explain. (15 marks) 7Assignment marking table Individual Report (10% of the module marks) Module Code: D2MGT100 Module Title: Organisations and Management. Student? s Name: _______________________ ID number: _____________ Assessm ent Criteria Question 1: Able to identify the market entry strategy is Walmart primarily using to enter foreign markets, and provide explanation why the management has chosen this approach? Question 2: Able to identify the challenges encountered by Walmart China managers in the international business environment Question 3: Able to discuss Walmart? s sustainability initiatives that have greatest positive impact on China? Explanation is provided.Knowledge of theory: Assignment demonstrates integration and innovation in the selection and handling of theory Clarity of Expression Accuracy, spelling, structure, clarity of messages and information TOTAL 10% of the module marks Comments Marks /15 /10 /15 /5 /5 /50% /10% 8 INSTRUCTIONS 1. The assignment is in essay format with headings and subheadings. The assignment must be TYPED and DOUBLED-SPACED. Font type is Times New Roman and font size must be 12 and justified. 2. The word limit is 1,000 – 1,300. The assignment must contain a word count. 3. The DUE DATE is on Friday, 23rd August 2013. All assignment must be submitted to the Department of Business Studies within the due date with the acknowledgment of receipt from the Department. 4.Sources of information contained in the assignment should be referenced appropriately using Harvard referencing. Assignment should have a complete BIBLIOGRAPHY with listing all books and articles. Plagiarism is a serious form of cheating and is not acceptable which will result in a failure of the coursework. No proper referencing will result in PLAGIARISM. 4. Students would be penalized for not STRICTLY adhering to the instructions. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1. Evidence of understanding of relevant management concepts and Theories. 2. Clear and realistic answers. 3. Ability to apply concepts and theories. 4. Clarity of written expression (well structured and ogical flow of ideas; Attention to grammar). 5. Standard of presentation (good layout; careful checking for spelling mistakes and typing errors). 9 Assignment No. : __ Assignment Cover Sheet Student Information (For group assignment, please state names of all members) Name ID Grade/Marks Module/Subject Information Module/Subject Code Module/Subject Name Lecturer/Tutor/Facilitator Due Date Assignment Title/Topic Intake (where applicable) Word Count Declaration Office Acknowledgement Date/Time . I/We have read and understood the Programme Handbook that explains on plagiarism, and I/we testify that, unless otherwise acknowledged, the work submitted herein is entirely my/our own. I/We declare that no part of this assignment has been written for me/us by any other person(s) except where such collaboration has been authorized by the lecturer concerned. . I/We authorize the University to test any work submitted by me/us, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I/We understand this will involve the University or its contractors copying my/our work and storing it on a database to be used in fut ure to test work submitted by others. Note:1) The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. 2) The Group Leader signs the declaration on behalf of all members. Signature: mail: Date: 10 Feedback/Comments* Main StrengthsMain Weaknesses Suggestions for improvement Student acknowledge feedback/comments Grader? s signature Date: Note: Student? s signature: Date: 1)A soft and hard copy of the assignment shall be submitted. 2)The signed copy of the assignment cover sheet shall be retained by the marker. 3)If the Turnitin report is required, students have to submit it with the assignment. However, departments may allow students up to THREE (3) working days after submission of the assignment to submit the Turnitin report. The assignment shall only be marked upon the submission of the Turnitin report. *Use additional sheets if required. 11 Department of Business StudiesACADEMIC INTEGRITY Honesty a nd Responsibility Academic integrity is an important tenet for HELP University. In pursuit of the highest standards of academic integrity, the Department of Business Studies holds it students to the highest ethical standards defined by the Rules and Regulations section of the Academic Handbook. All students at the Department of Business Studies are subjected to and are bound by the Student Academic Misconduct Rule to assure academic honesty. Students are required to sign a pledge on the assignment cover sheet before submitting your assignments to the Department of Business Studies. What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is academic dishonesty or academic theft, and it is a serious academic offence.Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, the followings: 1. quote, paraphrase or summarize someone else? s ideas, theories or data, in whole or in part, without appropriate acknowledgement 2. borrow ideas, opinion or words, in whole or in part, from other sources without properly crediting the author(s) 3. use any facts, statistics, diagrams or graphs, in whole or in part, without acknowledging the source clearly 4. claim or imply original authorship of someone else? s ideas, theories or data, in whole or in part, as your own 5. employ or allow someone to help to revise, amend or write your work and pass off as your own original work 6. collaborate with or allow other students to copy your work 7. raw on sources more than what you have acknowledged by citations While a student is not discouraged to discuss an assignment with his/her friends or classmates, the work he/she submits must be done by the student alone. If a student shares his/her assignment with other students and they plagiarize it, the student is as guilty as those students who plagiarized his/her assignment. All parties to plagiarism are considered equally guilty. Under no circumstances should a student be involved in collusion with other students unless he/she is permitted to work on an assignment jointly b y the lecturer/tutor. If a student is unsure what constitutes plagiarism, he/she is obliged to consult the lecturer/tutor on the matter before submission of his/her assignment. When and How to Reference? Knowing when and how to cite is a student? s responsibility.If he/she is in doubt or need more help on this matter, the student may consult the lecturer/tutor. The following list comprises some of the sources a student will need to reference. The list is by no means exhaustive, but simply consists of the most common sources used by students to complete their work. 1. Books 2. Chapters in books 12 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Journal articles Conference papers Newspaper articles Magazines Websites Study guide Students are advised to cite in the following cases [1]: 1. When he/she quotes two or more words verbatim, or even one word if it is used in a way that is unique to the source 2. When he/she introduce facts that he/she have found in a source 3.When he/she paraphrase or summarize ideas, int erpretations, or conclusions that he/she find in a source 4. When he/she introduce information that is not common knowledge or that may be considered common knowledge in your field, but the reader may not know it 5. When he/she borrow the plan or structure of a larger section of a source? s argument (for example, using a theory from a source and analyzing the same three case studies that the source uses) 6. When he/she build on another? s method found either in a source or from collaborative work in a lab 7. When he/she build on another? s program in writing computer code or on a notcommonly-known algorithm 8.When he/she collaborate with others in producing knowledge In general, a referencing system requires two parts: 1. In-text citations This is information about a source within the text of an assignment. 2. List of references This is a list of all sources a student has used to research his/her assignment. It is alphabetically arranged by author surname and appears immediately aft er the last page of an assignment. Different faculties or departments may have different requirement on how referencing for an assignment should be done. The various formats used for in-text citations and list of references are available in the following websites: 1. Harvard System ( delaide. edu. au/library/guide/gen/harvard. html) 2. Chicago Style ( chicagomanualofstyle. org/index. html) 3. American Psychological Association or APA Style ( apastyle. org) 4. Modern Language Association of America or MLA Style ( mla. org) Once a student has selected a referencing style for his/her assignment, he/she must follow the same style consistently throughout the assignment. We strongly suggest that the student consults the lecturer/tutor about which method to use before submission of his/her assignment. 1 yale. edu/bass/writing/sources/plagiarism/warning. html, accessed May 18, 2008. 13What are the Procedures and Penalties for Plagiarism? When a lecturer/tutor encounters a possible case of plagiarism, the lecturer/tutor shall report the matter to the Head of the Department, who then initiates an investigation on the matter. The following procedures would be carried out: 1. The lecturer/tutor shall provide evidence that substantiates an academic offence has occurred. The following documentations must be ready prior to reporting of alleged plagiarism: a. Copy of the alleged plagiarized assignment b. Copy of the source material (e. g. articles, websites, newspaper, etc. ) c. Report of plagiarism d. Any other information that would support the claim of plagiarism 2.If the evidence warrants an accusation of academic offence, the Head of Department shall establish a Board of Inquiry comprising 3 academic staff. The Department shall provide all necessary documentations, including report on prior academic offences if applicable, to the Board of Inquiry. 3. The Board of Inquiry shall put the matter to the student in writing and give him/her an opportunity to respond to the acc usation within 3 working days. 4. The student will be required to attend a meeting with the Board of Inquiry. After meeting the student, the Board of Inquiry shall decide whether or not the alleged plagiarism has occurred. The following documentations shall be submitted to the Head of Department at the end of the meeting: a. Findings of the investigation b.Recommended action(s) to be taken or imposed 5. The Head of Department shall review the Board of Inquiry? s report with supporting evidence and shall decide on an appropriate action(s) based on the recommendation of the Board of Inquiry. 6. The decision of the Head of Department shall be put in writing to the student. Copies of all documentations will be retained in the Department. 7. If the student feels that he/she has been unfairly accused or treated, the student may appeal to the Head of Department within 5 working days. 8. The Head of Department shall review the appeal and the final decision will be communicated to the studen t in writing and a copy will be kept with the Department.Once a determination of plagiarism and penalty has been made by the Head of Department, the investigative process will be deemed to have ended and the student will not be allowed to appeal. Possible penalties for plagiarism range from mark reduction for the assignment to expulsion from the University. The student will not be allowed to make up the assignment. If plagiarism has been found to have occurred, the Department will take action(s) as determined by the forms of plagiarism implicated: 1. Complete plagiarism Verbatim copying another person? s work without acknowledgement 1st offence : A grade of â€Å"F† in the subject and a warning letter will be issued 2nd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of Department 2. Substantial plagiarism Near-verbatim copying another person? work by simply altering the order of the sentences or the format of presentation or by changing a few words or p hrases without acknowledgement. 14 Zero mark on the assignment and a warning letter will be issued nd 2 offence : A grade of â€Å"F† in the subject and a warning letter will be issued 3rd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of Department 3. Minimal plagiarism Acknowledgement is made but paraphrasing by changing and/or eliminating some words 1st offence : Deduction of 50% of available marks on the assignment and a warning letter will be issued nd 2 offence : A grade of â€Å"F† in the subject and a warning letter will be issued 3rd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of Department 4.Unintentional plagiarism Insufficient acknowledgement by not applying citation or quotation marks correctly 1st offence : Deduction of up to 50% of available marks on the assignment and a warning letter will be issued nd 2 offence : A grade of â€Å"F† in the subject and a warning letter will be issued rd 3 offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of Department Pleading ignorance or unintentional plagiarism does not constitute valid reasons for plagiarism and will not avoid the penalties from being imposed. Excuses for acts of plagiarism such as the following, but not limited to, will not be entertained: 1. I don? t have time to do the assignment 2. I have too many assignments due on the same day 3. I don? t know, I really didn? t do it 4. I am not aware 5. I don? t understand what plagiarism means 6. I have no intention to plagiarize 7. I forgot to cite the reference 8. I forgot to include the bibliography 9. My English is not good 10. My lecturer/tutor did not explain to me 11. In my country, it is alright to copy someone else? s work 12. My friend copied my ssignment when I let him/her to look at my assignment 13. My friend copied my assignment when I allow him/her to use my laptop 14. I did my assignment in the computer lab, someone must have copied my work 15. I asked my friend to submit my assignment and he/she copied my work 16. I discussed my assignment with my friends, so our answers are the same/similar 17. Even though I do not have in-text citation but I have bibliography/reference list Students should be reminded that it is their responsibilities to take due care throughout their written work to effectively reference or cite when they use others? ideas from any source. 1st offence : 15

Stereo Field Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Stereo Field - Essay Example One of the radical changes in music production was marked through the development of computer music that involved pre-recorded media, speakers and stereos. Thus, the association between the music creation and physical human movement got disrupted through the use of computer that brought a type of non-instrumental composition in addition to the music production functions such as synthesis, recording and sequencing. However, the link between music and physical human movement has once again revived in the realm of computer music due to the use of latest sensors and the evolution of custom interfaces. The real time and highly interactive technologies allow computer music to extend itself to the physical world of human movement and thus, open the gate towards the creation of extremely imaginative alternative musical instruments such as the hyper instruments (HI’s) that were introduced by Tod Machover. Such interactive music systems offer limitless possibilities. Conventional instru ments are highly interactive systems as they respond immediately to a specific physical action with a corresponding musical action. Hyper instruments are directly derived through conventional instruments and therefore, they respect this basic link with traditional instruments. However, hyper instruments revolutionize the functionality of conventional instruments since they fundamentally enhance the two sides of the interaction.

Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pricing - Essay Example Therefore it is an exchange ratio between goods and services. Pricing is important in marketing as it determines how a product or service will be accepted in the market. It is one of the most valuable four variables that are used in the marketing mix which are used to develop a business plan. This means that it is central to the operation of a profit oriented firm. (McNamara 2007, P. 61) As we have seen, pricing is one of the four factors that are used in the marketing mix of a firm and which is central to the development of a viable business plan. In this regard, pricing is important aspect in market which has been as central to marketing. This is because the main aim of marketing is to take the production to as many customers as it can at the most affordable price that they can afford. Therefore the main aim of marketing as defined is to sell as many products as possible. There are many considerations that have to be made in marketing. In order to reach the target customer there are number of consideration that has to be made and the cost of the products as they are being taken to the consumers is one of those important factors that have to be considered. While pricing a product it is useful for any marketing strategy to take into account the cost structure and the willingness of the customers to pay for the product and also look to the effect of the competing from firms which are selling the same products in the same market. Therefore a good marketing strategy is not the one that blankly targets the demand market but it is the one the targets the consumer and also consider the effect of other competitors in the market. In this regard the competitor and the willingness of the buyers to buy a product at a particular price will have an effect on the overall capability of the firm to sell its products. The firm must also consider the effect of demand dynamics. There are many sources of the demand dynamics. One of the factor that affect demand dynamics is the dependence effects. This is particular to the inexpensive goods which are frequently purchased by the consumers like the household goods. For example if we take an example of Coke and Pepsi drinks, the probability that a consumers will purchase any of the product will depend on many factors which are based on preference and loyalty which affects the demand of the product. One consumer may decide buy Pepsi based on the experience one had on the product th e last time it was purchased. On the other hand one may decide to by Coke as a matter of wanting to experience the difference between the two products. This would be in spirit of wanting to try something different from the other. In this case the consumer will be responding toe what can be referred to as market activities which are driven by demand dynamics. (Michael 2006, P. 34) This shows that there are many market activities that are likely to affect the way a company is going to set it price in the market. The choice of brand of a product in the market is likely to be one of the ways in which a firm is likely to set price. For example in the above given example coke and Pepsi may be coming from the company but in real sense they may be retailing at different prices. While both of them are soft drinks, the demand dynamic

Reflection Diagram Of Gibbs Cycle

Reflection Diagram Of Gibbs Cycle From this whole course of PPD 2, Ive learnt and gained the skill by studying the entire learning model. The learning model that Im going to choose to write about is the Gibbs Learning Cycle. This is because Gibbs Learning Cycle is easy to understand, applicable on the study and effective on learning process. The Gibbs Learning Cycle is very popular among the learning model and it is good for reflection of study where it consists of six steps for the whole process. Model of reflection diagram of Gibbs Cycle(Queen Margaret University, 2011) This six steps or stages contain Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Analysis, Conclusion, and Action Plan. For the Description stage, it simply tells you to reflect and describe what youve learnt or what happened. In this step, you shouldnt make any conclusion or judgment as you need to understand the whole situation rather than simply draw a result. We can conclude as when a problem occurs, we should reflect or think back on what has happened. An example of it will be shown on the next line. When a new Professional Pitch task has been assigned, I will look carefully to the question in order to have a fully understanding in my mind for the task completion. When a new piece of note is given by the lecturer, I will have a rough scan just to have a basic overview on what is it all about? After that, when the lecturer is giving his/her lecture, I will listen carefully on what they talking about and write down the important notes and points. Besides that, I will ask them publically in the class or personally after the class if I have any question about that chapter. For the Feeling stage, a lot of feeling and thoughts were running inside my mind when the lecturer is giving their lecture, giving out task and having a discussion with us. When they are giving their lecture, I feel so curious about what they will teach and excited about the topic as Ive never been in touch with Personal and Professional Development 2. Other than the feeling of curious and excited, I will also afraid because I might not be able to follow the footsteps of the lecturer. Therefore, the complex feeling that I have it that time makes me concentrate more in the class and pay more attention on what the lecturer is teaching. While the lecturer is giving out task and assignments to us, I felt anxious as a lot of things need to be done and lastly we have to take our complete assignment for turnitin. At the same time Im happy as finally I can use the knowledge that Ive gained from the lecturer to do some work. The discussion part is an interesting part as all the students in th e class are participating for it and a lot of answer will pop up and I can learn from that. At the mean time, I will felt nervous as sometimes the question will be too hard and I might not be able to answer it if the lecturer points me to answer. The feeling changed after the event ends. The lecturer goes for a slow and smooth baby steps when they giving out lecture and it suits me very much as Im not a fast learner. Every single word that the lecturer said was memorable in my mind and I felt excited about that. The task given by the lecturer was finished by a week before the due date and my turnitin plagiarism rate was below 15%. This is the result that I aimed for and Im able to achieve that and it gives me confidence to do better. I felt happy and interesting after the discussion part as Ive learnt something new and I can even answer the hard question given by the lecturer. For the evaluation stage, Ive good and bad experiences throughout the course of PPD2. The positive thing is that I can communicate well with the lecturer whenever I need their help in the process of learning. This will not only help my communication skill but also courage and gaining of knowledge. This is because Im a person who doesnt have a strong courage to face stranger as Im afraid to talk with them. But as I know that the learning process requires student to communicate and talk with their lecturer when they faced problem. Thus, I made up my courage and the result of it didnt disappoint me. Besides that, I also have some bad experiences for the class of PPD2. Sometimes the lecture was too boring and it couldnt bring up my will to study. I considered it as a bad experiences because when I have no will to study, it wasted my time and effort and end up of learning nothing. The lecturer sometimes uses an old fashioned way to teach, that is read through the paper. Besides that, I ha ve some bad experiences in the class by my own behavior. Certain times, I might not concentrate when the class is boring therefore I will talk with my friends and end up wasting my own time and learned nothing. Eventually I know what I did is wrong and wasteful so Ive changed my behavior and get myself to back on track. In the analysis stage, I realized that I have a big interest on PPD2. This is because it helps me to build up the most important thing that is my personal skill, confidence, courage and learning skill. Every single thing that the lecturer teaches was so useful and there are a lot of things to be learned. I have found out that the learning model and the content of PPD2 are something fresh and things that are totally new to me. Thus, for a person that likes adventure, it suits me well. Everything and every chapter that the lecturer gives out attract my attention and I will always try my best to do it. For the conclusion stage, Ive learnt and gained lots of knowledge from my lecturer. Ive learnt how to do well in everything no matter by myself or with a team. Other than that, it also makes me understand more about the importance of personal skills and teamwork. Besides that, training and improvements are needed in order to make me concentrate more in specific time. This is because even if there are boring classes, I should not make any noise to disturb the rest of the class. Through this course, I know where my strength is and weakness and improvement will definitely takes it place. When the lecturer is giving out new chapter for the next classes, I will do my own revision on that chapter to give myself a rough idea on it. This will not only help my understanding but also speed up the process of learning in myself. For the action plan stage, I will absolutely do a lot better than current. Attitude will change as I know that my current attitude is not good enough for me to have a great success. I will work harder for my work and pay more concentration when its time for serious. Besides that, assignments and tasks that given by the lecturer will also are done earlier as the lecturer can have a check on it in order to increase the quality of my work. When the discussion part is going on, I will try to answer every single question. This is to make sure that I fully understand what the lecturer is talking about. Other than that, when I faced any problem or difficulties for my work, I will not only discuss with my lecturer but also my classmates. This will not only make me gained extra knowledge but it also improves my communication and social skills. I also found out that I must also learn how to approach people by making the first step. I must take initiative to deal with someone rather than hoping or dreaming for others to make their first step. Besides that, I also need to increase my ability to study more in order to have a good result for the final year. I hope to have a CGPA of 3.5 and above and I know to achieve this, lots of efforts are needed. To obtain this result, I will not only study hard for the school study material, but I will find my own research to have a deeper understanding and I will borrow some books or references from the library to have better understanding. The strength of Gibbs Reflective Cycle is to develop a questioning attitude and new perspectives, identify areas for change and improvement, respond effectively to new challenges, and generalize and apply what you have learned from one situation to other situation. (University of Reading, n.d.) The Gibbs Reflective Cycle makes me to have a manner of keeps on asking question for something that is new and unknown to me. Other than that, it also helps me to find out where is my strength and weakness in order to improve my skills. Besides that, it also makes me to be a good respondent. Every time a problem pops out, I managed to think carefully and analyze it to get the solution.

Financial Market Development

In many of the developing countries it has been hitherto believed that the financial market reform has to be gyrating around the commercial banking system. It is true that the commercial banking sector’s contribution to growth in economy in these developing countries such as Chile and Mexico has over time grown inextricably connected to the development and growth of the other related capital market areas such as equity, government debts and the corporate securities.Therefore, reform in the capital market has hitherto emphasized the use of strategies with the potential of not only strengthening but also deepening the capital markets i.e. both the debt and equity markets. This paper seeks to highlight the general issues in the development in the capital markets such as GDP, interest rate spreads not only in the global context but also in the developing countries thereby showing how the global trends have affected developing countries and these countries’ policy response s o as attract, emulate and manage reform and development in domestic capital markets. The paper finally highlights the comparative trends in domestic capital market with specific focus to country experience: Chile and Mexico in regards to their participation in international capital market.Development of a country is measured by the GDP. However there are other factors which the UN has identified as measure for development such as life expectancy, rate of literacy etc. The UN has on the other developed a compound indicator called HDI which is a combination of the above named measures and is used to measure level of development. The global economy generally impacts on the economy, especially on the capital market of the developing countries. This means that governments cannot borrow because the states that lend are also engrossed in economic woes of recession. Further, if the lending states manage to lend, the interest rates are higher than recommended thus pushing thus tradi0ng a big blow to the development of the developing countries (BoÃ… ¼yk, 2006).In countering the global; economic trend especially that of recession, the developing countries have resolved to internal borrowing through the use of corporate securities and bonds in the state owned corporations so as to raise the money required to run these governments and initiate industrialization and other forms of development. Secondly, the governments in the developing countries have resolved to IPOs thus relinquishing their right in state owned organizations to the public to raise the much required funds. The practice in developing countries implies that financial integration facilitates growth of capital markets but it may negatively affect the volatility of share prices and efficiency of stock market especially when the capital market reforms are not suitable (Sheffrin, 2003).The main questions that remain are how the developing countries can develop without depending on the already developed countries for assistance, can GDP alone be used to measure development in the developing countries? How can the developing countries manage to insulate their economies from being affected and greatly influenced by the global economic trends such as recession through their capital markets without necessarily adversely affecting the volatility of the stock market and share prices?Actually, the countries that qualify to categorize as developing can invest heavily in the capital market thereby using the funds raised from these investments in industrialization and other forms of sustaining developments. For instance, the countries such as Chile and Mexico have invested in the capital market top help catapult the development needed .but it has proven such a step if not carefully managed may lead to the total crashing of the capital; markets. The two countries are simply a tale of capital market crises.The 1994 Mexican peso crisis demonstrates a typical capital market crisis which sent shock waves t hrough the global economy. In the 1980s, Chile suffered a similar crisis as Mexico because of the 1970s structural reforms characterized by a radical opportunity in the economy; rampant privatization, and deregu- lation effort in a bid to realize a modern financial sector. Â  In a bid to save themselves from the capital market crises, the countries’ use of predetermined exchange rates aimed to get rid of inflation collaborated with the resultant huge capital inflows intermediated by a fragile banking system to bring forth an exchange- rate overvaluation, a susceptible financial sector and the eventual crumpling of the currency